"How can I know what I think until I read what I write?" – Henry James


There are a few lone voices willing to utter heresy. I am an avid follower of Ilusion Monetaria, a blog by ex-Bank of Spain economist (and monetarist) Miguel Navascues here.
Dr Navascues calls a spade a spade. He exhorts Spain to break free of EMU oppression immediately. (Ambrose Evans-Pritchard)

miércoles, 10 de octubre de 2012

La Libra 1925, y el euro

¿Qué pasó cuando en 1925 Inglaterra intentó volver al patrón oro al tipo de cambio de antes de la guerra? Que fracasó. Su economía se deprimió (ver gráfico izquierda). Los precios cayeron hasta un 60% (ver gráfico). El paro aumentó al 25%. Al menos, al cabo de unos años (1931) pudo irse del patrón oro (régimen voluntario que se podía abandonar) devaluar y recuperarse. España e Italia no pueden, está prohibido, que es lo más ridículo que he oído en mi vida.

¿Por que es ridículo? Porque genera expectativas extremas sobre todo el sistema: o que no se va romper el euro, o que se va romper entero. La posibilidad legal de salir no generaría riesgos sobre TODO el sistema euro. Para empezar, no se hubieran acumulado tantos riesgos sobre paises que tuvieran una probabilidad de salir, y no hubieran acumulado tanta deuda.

Sin embargo, se dijo que cerrando la puerta de salida no habria marcha atrás. Lo cual es patentemente falso, porque lo que hay ahora es el riesgo de un estallido conjunto y un impago generalizado.

Martín Wolf:

What happens if a large, high-income economy, burdened with high levels of debt and an overvalued, fixed exchange rate, attempts to lower the debt and regain competitiveness? This question is of current relevance, since this is the challenge confronting Italy and Spain. Yet, as a chapter in the International Monetary Fund’s latest World Economic Outlook demonstrates, a relevant historical experience exists: that of the UK between the two world wars. This proves that the interaction between attempts at “internal devaluations” and the dynamics of debt are potentially lethal. Moreover, the plight of Italy and Spain is, in many ways, worse than the UK’s was. The latter, after all, could go off the gold standard; exit from the eurozone is far harder. Again, the UK had a central bank able and willing to reduce interest rates. The European Central Bank may not be able and willing to do the same for Italy and Spain.
The UK emerged from the first world war with public debt of 140 per cent of gross domestic product and prices more than double the prewar level. The government resolved both to return to the gold standard at the prewar parity, which it did in 1925, and to pay off the public debt, to preserve creditworthiness. Here was a country fit for the Tea Party.
To achieve its objectives, the UK implemented tight fiscal and monetary policies. The primary fiscal surplus (before interest payments) was kept near 7 per cent of GDP throughout the 1920s. This was, in turn, accomplished by the “Geddes Axe”, after a commission chaired by Sir Eric Geddes. This recommended slashing government spending in precisely the way today’s believers in “expansionary austerity” recommend. Meanwhile, the Bank of England raised interest rates to 7 per cent in 1920. The aim of this was to support the return to the prewar parity. Coupled with the consequent deflation, the result was extraordinarily high real interest rates. This, then, was how the self-righteous fools in the British establishment greeted the hapless survivors of the hellish war.
Pero el caso inglés traza la línea Del horror que proseguirán España e Italia si siguen bajo el régimen de asfixia:
So how did this commitment to fiscal famine and monetary necrophilia work? Badly. In 1938, real output was hardly above the level of 1918, with growth averaging 0.5 per cent a year. This was not just because of the Depression. Real output in 1928 was also lower than in 1918. Exports were persistently weak and unemployment persistently elevated. High unemployment was the mechanism for driving nominal and real wages down. But wages are never just another price. The aim was to break organised labour. These policies resulted in the general strike of 1926. They spread a bitterness that lasted decades after the second world war.
Quite apart from their huge economic and social costs, these policies failed in their own terms. The country went off gold, for good, in 1931. Worse, public debt did not fall. By 1930, debt had reached 170 per cent of GDP. By 1933, it had reached 190 per cent of GDP. (These numbers put the panic over today’s far lower ratios in perspective.) In fact, the UK did not return to its pre-first world war debt ratios until 1990. Why was the UK unsuccessful in lowering the ratio of debt to GDP? Briefly, growth was too low and interest rates too high. As a result, even a huge primary fiscal surplus could not constrain the debt ratio.
Y no se puede decir que RU, entonces, tuviera un mercado laboral rígido. Probablemente era de los más flexibles del momento, lo que no impidió que el paro aumentara al 25% (ver gráfico del centro).
En otras palabras, la devaluación interna no funcionó, pese a un mercado laboral totalmente libre, que sí, hizo caer los precios y salarios, como quieren que caigan los nuestros, pero que hizo caer el PIB como se ve en la figura, recuperándome solo cuando se salió del patrón oro. Por otra parte, la caída de PIB hizo aumentar la deuda del 140% al 190% del PIB. La austeridad fiscal tampoco funcionó (salvo para expandir el hambre) pues la deuda aumentó.

Curioso: en la biografía de Churchill se cuenta que él era Ministro de Hacienda, y que estaba en contra de meter a la libra en el patrón oro a ese cambio de pre guerra, operación de prestigio que no sirvió, todo lo contrario, para que RU recuperara la confianza. Keynes escribió un librito ("las consecuencias económicas de Mr Churchill") que predijo el tremendo error que se estaba cometiendo. Pero como en la Paz de París, no le hicieron caso. El signo de las Casandras es que no les hagan ni caso.

El lanzamiento del euro fue algo similar: entre timbales y trompetas como de "Fin de la historia", se suponía que iba a haber una gran ganancia de confianza. Sí que lo ha habido, pero no para todos. Gracias a una pésima concepción, crearon un aborto.









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