Los postulados que, según Keynes, son la base de la teoría clásica del trabajo:
1) El salario es igual a la productividad marginal del trabajo: el empresario añade un empleado más hasta que la PML, decreciente, es igual a coste unitario añadido W. A partir de ahí añadir un empleado más le reduce el beneficio. Esto define la curva de demanda de trabajo decreciente en función del W y la PML.
2) La utilidad del salario W para el trabajador es igual a ladesutilidad marginal de la cantidad de trabajo. Esto define una oferta de trabajo creciente para cada W.
1) El salario es igual a la productividad marginal del trabajo: el empresario añade un empleado más hasta que la PML, decreciente, es igual a coste unitario añadido W. A partir de ahí añadir un empleado más le reduce el beneficio. Esto define la curva de demanda de trabajo decreciente en función del W y la PML.
2) La utilidad del salario W para el trabajador es igual a ladesutilidad marginal de la cantidad de trabajo. Esto define una oferta de trabajo creciente para cada W.
3) W es el salario real.
Keynes cuestiona que el salario sea la recompensa de la desutilidad marginal del trabajo. Observa que cuando se produce una caída del salarios nominal, se contrae la oferta de trabajo -trabajadores que prefieren el ocio. Pero cuando lo que se produce es un aumento de los,precios, no se observa ese abandono de la oferta de trabajo. Es decir, el mismo movimiento en el salario real produce dos reacciones opuestas.
Keynes lo explica diciendo que los trabajadores sufren de "ilusión monetaria". No saben ver el efecto real de un movimiento nominal. No es que no quieran saber cual es el salario real, es que en un margen de variación no muy grande del salario o de los precios, se mueven por el salario nominal. No tienen la misma percepción si se mueve el salario que si se mueven los precios.
Esto refuta la teoría clásica de que el paro sube porque los trabajadores no quiern aceptar salarios reales más bajos. Lo,que no están dispuestos a aceptar es un recorte en sus salarios nominales. Eso explica la rigidez a la baja de los salarios nominales.
4) el dinero no es neutral, en el sentido de que todos se guían por los precios y salarios reales.
De Socialmacro
Lord Keynes states that the classical theory is based upon two postulates, namely: (1) "The wage is equal to the marginal product of labor" and (2) "The utility of the wage when a given volume of labor is employed is equal to the marginal disutility of the amount of employment." He points out that these define the demand and supply curves for labor, respectively. Basically, firms are interested in employing labor up to the point where they break even on the last unit and that workers seek employment because of the benefits that they derive from it. He mentions that obviously collective bargaining have been admitted as a means that limits the ability of these markets to "equilibrate".
J.M. Keynes questions whether the actual wage indicates the marginal disutility of labor. He said that although a cut to nominal wages would reduce the amount of labor supplied, a reduction in real wages would not necessarily, if it were due to an increase in the price level, rather than a reduction of nominal wages. Here he indicates that workers suffer from "money illusion". He does not argue that workers do not respond to real wages, but that, "within a certain range the demand for labour is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage." He states that this "breaks down entirely" the classical theory of employment, leaving employment "indeterminate." Lord Keynes emphasizes something that has been frequently been commented upon since, that there is downward inflexibility in wages. He points out that while wage cuts tend to cause workers to withdraw labor from the market, price hikes do not have the same effect. Relating this issue to depressions, Keynes says that the contention that the refusal of labor to accept wage reductions is the cause of a depression is not "supported by the facts."
De Socialmacro
Lord Keynes states that the classical theory is based upon two postulates, namely: (1) "The wage is equal to the marginal product of labor" and (2) "The utility of the wage when a given volume of labor is employed is equal to the marginal disutility of the amount of employment." He points out that these define the demand and supply curves for labor, respectively. Basically, firms are interested in employing labor up to the point where they break even on the last unit and that workers seek employment because of the benefits that they derive from it. He mentions that obviously collective bargaining have been admitted as a means that limits the ability of these markets to "equilibrate".
J.M. Keynes questions whether the actual wage indicates the marginal disutility of labor. He said that although a cut to nominal wages would reduce the amount of labor supplied, a reduction in real wages would not necessarily, if it were due to an increase in the price level, rather than a reduction of nominal wages. Here he indicates that workers suffer from "money illusion". He does not argue that workers do not respond to real wages, but that, "within a certain range the demand for labour is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage." He states that this "breaks down entirely" the classical theory of employment, leaving employment "indeterminate." Lord Keynes emphasizes something that has been frequently been commented upon since, that there is downward inflexibility in wages. He points out that while wage cuts tend to cause workers to withdraw labor from the market, price hikes do not have the same effect. Relating this issue to depressions, Keynes says that the contention that the refusal of labor to accept wage reductions is the cause of a depression is not "supported by the facts."
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario