Como era de esperar, los rumores sobre Grecia y los desmentidos gobiernan los mercados. Aquí, en el FT, un recuento de noticias, rumores y desmentidos.
"How can I know what I think until I read what I write?" – Henry James
jueves, 18 de junio de 2015
Rumores y desmentidos, hasta que cante la gorda
Si Grecia sale. Carta de un gobernador
miércoles, 17 de junio de 2015
La aparición del euro
A whole literature, enough to keep you busy for the best part of a lifetime, was developed by economists to answer questions such as these, culminating in the crowning glory, the Theory of Optimum Currency Areas; that is, a theory about the best (i.e. most efficient) grouping of countries to form single currency blocs. And this theoretical edifice is a pretty impressive structure, well worthy of a Nobel Prize or two.
As you may have guessed, however, this vast literature had next to no bearing on how the euro came into being or how it was structured. As things turned out, the pace of currency union was forced by events – and not even economic events at that.
In November 1989 the Berlin Wall came down and just over two years later the Soviet Union disintegrated. These events made possible the reunification of Germany after nearly 50 years of separation. But not everyone saw this as an unalloyed blessing. What would Russia think? It still had nearly 400,000 troops stationed on German soil. What would France think? And what would be the UK’s view?
At first, UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was dead against reunification and was in close communication not only with the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, but also with America’s President, Ronald Reagan. If reunification was going to happen, West Germany had to have the support of France, but that was not a foregone conclusion.
French fears of German dominance were very real. Why make things worse, France might reasonably think, by letting Germany get bigger and stronger? After all, the French writer François Charles Mauriac had said in the 1960s that he was so fond of Germany that he was glad there were two of her. He surely spoke for many Frenchmen – and people of other nationalities.
In the event, French President François Mitterrand did agree to reunification, but he exacted a price. Germany would have to agree to submerge the deutschmark into a new European currency, subsequently to be called the euro, and in the process emasculate the Bundesbank, which had ruled the roost over the European economy for the last few decades. West Germany’s Chancellor Kohl agreed to this price and so the euro was born. The greatest monetary experiment in the history of humankind happened when it did, and how it did, because it appeared to make political sense at the time.
¿Por qué la UE no es un asociación de Estados Independientes? Armonización = Sumisión
Europe’s golden age Interestingly, the era when Europe was strongest and most prosperous compared to the rest of the world was a period when it was divided into small states, which competed vigorously with one another. The great explorers set forth not from a united Europe, but from Spain, Portugal, England, the Netherlands, France and the various city states of Italy, including Genoa and Venice. They did so in a spirit of rivalry. Admittedly, this rivalry sometimes found its expression in war.
Revulsion against this form of competition is one of the strongest emotional arguments against the return to a Europe of competing nation states. While the fear is that competition between such entities is bound to be destructive, as it was before, this throws the baby out with the bathwater. It is possible to make institutional arrangements that prevent further European wars while maintaining rivalry in other ways – including in economic competition, just as happens already in everything from football to popular music.
So we have discovered a more fundamental reason for the EU’s under- performance that goes beyond the accountants’ totting up: the EU has suppressed competition between nation states. More than that, it has smothered them in a suffocating balm of harmonization and convergence. Simply to allude to this or that aspect of bad decision- making or mismanagement misses the point. These defects are systematic. They derive directly from the essential nature of the EU – which is most assuredly not the same as the essential nature of Europe.
The EU’s poor economic record Let us not get this out of perspective. The EU is not an economic disaster – yet. But in economic terms it is a considerable disappointment to many of its supporters. And, internationally, it is an under- achiever. The rapidly growing countries of Asia do not look to the EU as an example; they regard it as showing what they need to avoid.
What explains this under- performance? I have put forward eight reasons:
- The EU’s designers put far too much importance on size alone as bringing benefits.
- In the process, they under- estimated the growth of the world economy outside the EU.
- They under- estimated the importance of good governance as the key to economic success.
- The agenda for harmonization and regulation involved too much interference in business.
- The European social agenda with regard to labour laws and benefits was, and was believed by firms to be, anti- business.
- Europe’s leaders paid insufficient attention to getting the basics of economic success right – unlike so many of their equivalents in Asia.
- They spent the EU’s (admittedly not enormous) funds badly.
- The very objectives of harmonization and integration hid the consequence of bad economic policies and smothered the natural rivalry between countries that could have produced better economic performance.
There is something else as well. As the EU has continued in sharp relative decline, the concentrated effort of the European elites should have been directed towards the requirements to raise productivity, employment and investment. Instead, European leaders have been obsessed by further harmonization and integration, by treaty change and, of course, by that ultimate form of integration – the euro.
En qué gasta el dinero "Uropa"
In February 2009, Hungarian IT firm Gyrotech Commercial and Supplier Ltd was granted roughly €411,000 from the EU’s Regional Development Fund, with another €500,000 coming from other sources, for a project to ‘improve the lifestyle and living standards of dogs’. The company, originally an IT business, seems to have requested the money in order to branch out by developing a hydrotherapy system to ‘improve dogs’ wellbeing’. The company used the funds to build new offices for the centre. However, the offices have remained empty and overrun with weeds and the dog centre has yet to materialise .
A grant of €16,394 was given by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), with an additional €24,119 coming from the Austrian government, towards a project in Austria aimed at raising awareness of the Tyrolean landscape and its diverse features and to ‘increase farmers’ emotional connection with the landscapes they cultivate’. The main method of achieving these objectives was interviewing various farmers who were ‘expected to reconsider their relationship with the landscape and become more aware of their emotional reactions to it compared to their prevailing rational economic ones’. Other farmers would then be ‘influenced’ by exhibitions of the work ‘by receiving affirmation and taking pride in the distinctive and positive way in which their job is presented’ .
Lo que quede del euro
martes, 16 de junio de 2015
Algunas imágenes
No hay política fiscal sin banco central
A lo que agrega Roger Farmer:
Keynes distinguishes public investment, which he wants to be chosen on a cost-benefit basis, from current expenditure, which should not be financed from deficit spending.
Ejemplo: España llego a tener una deuda pública en 2007 de las más bajas del mundo: 37% de PIB. No le sirvió de nada elevar la deuda para acometer el desendeudamiento del sector privado, pues no pudo mantener bajos los tipos de interés. Vean el gráfico
En él se comparan lap tipos de interés a 10 años de EEUU u España. Cuando en EEUU bajan, gracias a la política de Bernanke, hasta el 2%, en España suben al 6,5%.
Salida suave de Grecia como única solución
En el Daily Telegraph Un editorial que dice que Grecia debe abandonar el euro. Dice que lo mejor para Grecia es salir con la ayuda de un "Plan Marshall" que suavice el aterrizaje. Es lo que vengo propugnando aquí desde hace tiempo. Desgraciadqmente, una cosa tan civilizada no será posible, por la armazones que explico aquí, en "Europa Enmarañada".
Diario de la guerra del cerdo
lunes, 15 de junio de 2015
Urgente: Grecia fuera. Más información
Daily Telegraph:
Europe tells Greeks to prepare for 'state of emergency' as talks collapse in acrimony
• Greek markets tank 6.5pc
• Draghi: ECB provided €116bn for Greece, 66pc of GDP
• Oettinger: EU must be prepared for Greek state of emergency
• German parliament warns they need deal before June 30
Bloomberg
Greece and its creditors swapped recriminations over the breakdown of bailout talks, each side hardening its position after attempts to bridge their differences collapsed.
With markets dropping, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras portrayed Greece as the torchbearer of democracy, standing firm against creditors’ demand for pension cuts. European Commission spokeswoman Annika Breidthardt said that account of the creditors’ position was a "gross misrepresentation of facts."
"One can only read political motives in the creditors’ insistence on new cuts to pensions after five years of plundering them under the memorandum," Tsipras said in a statement to Efimerida Ton Syntakton newspaper on Monday. "We will wait patiently for the institutions to move toward realism."
The euro dropped after the European Commission said negotiations in Brussels had broken up after just 45 minutes on Sunday because of the chasm separating the sides. The focus now shifts to a June 18 meeting of euro-area finance ministers in Luxembourg. Officials have focused on that as a make-or-break session for Greece’s ability to avert default and stay in the currency union.
Zerohedge matiza un poco:
Just as we hinted earlier when we reported that the ECB may use the "nuclear option" on Wednesday and yank Greek ELA, here comes German Suddeutsche Zeiting with a report that Eurozone countries have reached a Greek emergency plan (yay)... which calls for the imposition of capital controls on Greece if no deal is concluded by the weekend (oh no).
From SDZ (via Google translate):
The euro partners have agreed in the face of the solidified negotiations with Greece on a contingency plan for Athens. This became known on Monday in Berlin and Brussels. It stipulates that creditors want to give the Greeks initially another chance and wait to see if by the end of the week it is possible to Euro finance ministers to agree with the government in Athens to the corners to meet the current emergency program. The ministers meet Thursday and Friday in Luxembourg.
Elapses this deadline without agreement, to be convened without further delay a special meeting of heads of state and government in Brussels. In an interview for this is Friday night. At the special summit a political solution should be sought again. French President Francois Hollande warned on Monday against the failure of the negotiations. The deadlines were extremely short. "I have often said: caution, we now come in a period that can be turbulent, if no agreement is found," he said during a visit to the air show in Le Bourget near Paris.
Via Bloomberg:
EURO-ZONE COUNTRIES READY CAPITAL COUNTRIES FOR GREECE: PAPER
CAPITAL CONTROLS TO BE READIED FROM COMING WEEKEND: PAPER
EURO-ZONE COUNTRIES REACH GREECE EMERGENCY PLAN: SUEDDEUTSCH
Europa enmarañada (Re)
Democracia no es solo votar
Ana Pastor versus Manuela Carmena
Nos esperan días de risas y ruina. Un espectáculo un poco caro, a mi parecer. A preguntas de Ana, Carmena confiesa que no sabe de donde va a salir el dinero de sus planes. ¿De las quitas de deuda? Según ella, a ciertos casos es legal. Quiere repartir cómoda a niños entre 3 y 13 años en los colegios, cuando Ana le recuerda que los xlehiso Están a dos días de cerrar. Carmena replica varias veces que no ha empezado a trabajar, que no la agobien, que no ha visto el presupuesto. Al poco dice que ha visto el presupuesto y que la deuda no es tan alta de 6 mm, sino de 4,3 mm. ¿Pero no dice que no había visto el presupuesto? -replica Ana.
¿Va a subir los impuestos? Según capacidad de pago, se subirá el IBI, dice. Hay empresas a las que se le va a subir. Muy bien Cramena, Madrid es la ciudadanía que más empresas ha atraído con una política de bajo coste fiscal. Genial que ahora empiecen a plantearse irse. Habrá personas que pagaran menos. ¿Quienes?
En fin un panorama nada tranquilizador, tanto por sus intenciones como por su imprecisión.
domingo, 14 de junio de 2015
¡Qué bien, salimos en el NYT!
Embobados
Es agradable, el domingo por la mañana, desde la cama, ver como unos tíos y tías se conjuran para desplumarte y acabar con el estado de derecho. Algunos dicen que es divertido, otros que es interesante, incluso algunos, apasionante. Así esta España, embobada.
Nos desplumarán
Ejército catalán
El nuevo jefe de la policía de Ada Colau es partidario de hacer un ejército catalán ya. El señor Amadeu Requesens demuestra que los catalanes de izquierdas también tiene conexión chavista:
sábado, 13 de junio de 2015
Bitcoin se dolariza. Repite conmigo: Bitcoin no es liquidez
Sí. El famoso Bitcoin no acaba de rematar la faena. La razón es única y transparente. Es menos líquido que el dólar. Joder, una moneda que pretende ser la liquidez suprema...
Nos lo cuenta aquí JP Koning, en su blog Moneyness. Los hechos son los hechos: cuando un vendedor online recibe el pago de una venta en bitcoines, rápidamente los cambia a dólares. Bitcoin es muy volátil. Hay mucha especulación sobre él. Ergo, no es plenamente líquido... Le pasa lo que al oro, por cierto. El oro puede ser un buen activo de reserva contra los vaivenes de ciertos activos. Pero su precios sube y baja, como los demás activos. Mientras suba y baje en sentido contrario, puede ser una buena cobertura de riesgo... Pero no contra el riesgo de iliquidez. Contra el riesgo de liquidez solo cabe... Liquidez.