"How can I know what I think until I read what I write?" – Henry James
domingo, 20 de marzo de 2016
La jauría humana y Hobbes
sábado, 19 de marzo de 2016
Keynes, la inversión y el tipo de interés (III)
Eso sí, no tengo la pretensión de que todo el mundo se convierta en keynesiano. Sólo quiero ofrecer una visión clara de un enfoque de mirar las cosas que todavía tiene algo que aportar. Basicamente, lo que quiero es que el no iniciado comprenda por qué es falso que la economía tiende a regularse a sí misma. En especial, que se entienda la "Falacia de la Composición", que evidencia que de un comportamento racional de los sujetos no surge la armonía del conjunto. Los sujetos pueden ser perfectamente racionales en gestionar sus asuntos, y sin embargo el conjunto de la enconomía estar muy alejado del óptimo. Esto se refiere en especial al paro, que los economistas clásicos quieren hacer creer que depende sólo del salario, que todo trabajador en paro lo está por culpa suya.
Para ello Keynes desmontó la teoria de sus antecesores, a los que llamó los clásicos, y revolucionó la economía cambiando las relaciones funcionales entre las variables. Eso es lo que intento explicar aquí, esa revolución intelectual que luego fue traicionada por los que se autonombraron herededros de él.
"It would be foolish, in forming our expectations, to attach great weight to matters which are very uncertain. It is reasonable, therefore, to be guided to a considerable degree by the facts about which we feel somewhat confident, even though they may be less decisively relevant to the issue than other facts about which our knowledge is vague and scanty. For this reason the facts of the existing situation enter, in a sense disproportionately, into the formation of our long-term expectations; our usual practice being to take the existing situation and to project it into the future, modified only to the extent that we have more or less definite reasons for expecting a change. ( CW VII, p. 148)."
‘Just as we found that the marginal efficiency of capital is fixed, not by the ‘best’ opinion, but by the market valuation as determined by mass psychology, so also expectations as to the future of the rate of interest as fixed by mass psychology have their reactions on liquidity-preference’.
If, however, we are tempted to assert that money is the drink which stimulates the system to activity, we must remind ourselves that there may be several slips between the cup and the lip. For whilst an increase in the quantity of money may be expected, cet. par. , to reduce the rate of interest, this will not happen if the liquidity preferences of the public are increasing more than the quantity of money; . . . ( CW VII, p. 173)
The aggregate MEC schedule, as with the liquidity preference schedule, is hence dependent on a state of expectation about the uncertain future. As with the theory of liquidity preference, the next critical point was that the MEC schedule would shift following a change in the state of expectation. Keynes’s notion of ‘animal spirits’ then reflected the further insight that firms’ estimates of the yields of investment will periodically be subject to either excessive optimism or excessive pessimism. There are, therefore, two potential causes of an increase in investment demand: a cut in the rate of interest ( Figure 8.1a ), or a change in expectations towards greater optimism of the yield on future investment represented by a shift in the MEC.
"A great deal is at stake. We are engaged in defending the freedom of economic life in circumstances which are far from favourable. We have to show that a free system can be made to work. To favour what is known as planning and management does not mean a falling away from the moral principles of liberty which could formerly be embodied in a simpler system. On the contrary, we have learnt that freedom of economic life is more bound up than we previously knew with the deeper freedoms –freedom of person, of thought, and of faith. ( CW XXI, p. 446)"
viernes, 18 de marzo de 2016
Activos y pasivos de AAPP frente a AAPP
Las columnas 6 a 10 pretenden explicar ese ajusta a la baja, pero quizás lo que es fundamental en este ajuste es la "consolidación" de deuda debida de entidades de las AAPP a otras entidades de las mismas AAPP. Por ejemplo, la deuda de las Comunidades Autónomas a la Administración Central. En buena lógica contable, esa deuda debe desaparecer de de la AAPP en su conjunto, para ni incurrir en dobre contabilidad.
En el cuadro siguiente, se exhiben los pasivos y activos de los distintos entes que componen la AAPP, del la deuda oficial del 99% del PIB
En efecto, nos vemos no tramos con un hecho sabido, pero que se opaca a la opinión pública, como que la Seguridad Social tiene un de frente a la Administración Central (AC) de13,9% de PIB, que es el déficit acumulado que debe poner el Estado para pagar las pensiones y demás ayudas.
En la columna 7 vemos algo más inquietante: que la cuarta parte del 99% de deuda proviene de los prestamos de la AC a las CCAA, con un 24% de PIB. El problema es cómo ha ido subiendo, a qué velocidad, esa parte de deuda (del 6% del 2000 al 24% de hoy), que por mucho que se consolide, jamas será devuelta por las CCAA, quebradas, al conjunto de la Nación. Nunca tendrán capacidad para ello.
Carta del lobo feroz, vestido de cristiano-roussoniano, a caperucita "roja"
"... Rafael Mayoral afirmó una vez que a nosotros nos brillan los ojos cuando hablamos de ciertas cosas. Nuestros adversarios no soportan esa belleza. No soportan que nos emocionemos. No soportan que la mujer que —a punto de romper en llanto— llamó criminales a los banqueros en el Parlamento sea hoy la alcaldesa de Barcelona. No soportan que nuestras sonrisas, nuestros besos y nuestros abrazos sean de verdad. No soportan verme fundido en un abrazo con Juan Carlos Monedero, porque no pueden entender que nosotros tomamos decisiones políticas (duras a veces) sin traicionarnos. No entienden que el hecho de que Echenique y yo defendiéramos posiciones diferentes en varios procesos nos haya hecho admirarnos y respetarnos más al tiempo que consolidábamos una lealtad de la que nos enorgullecemos. No lo entienden y no lo soportan. Esa es la gran diferencia de Podemos, nuestro brillo; exactamente lo que no podemos permitirnos perder...
... El partido no es solo una máquina para desafiar la hegemonía del adversario, para acceder y ejercer el poder, sino que es también el instrumento puesto al servicio de la dignidad de la gente. Ese alemán que estudió el capital no solamente enseñó algunas claves científicas del funcionamiento de la economía. Si algo enseñó aquel barbudo de mente genial es que, si de las cuentas que uno hace en la pizarra brota la sangre, las ciencias deben ponerse a trabajar para cerrar esas heridas. Para eso hacemos política y para eso nos instruimos con el fin de hacerla con más eficacia...
... Un viejo dirigente de la izquierda me dijo una vez: «Cuando se os ve a los dirigentes en el escenario se nota que os queréis. El cuerpo no miente. A nosotros ya no nos pasa». Defendamos esa belleza que nos es propia.
Hoy nuestros adversarios nos ponen a prueba al afirmar que hay dos Podemos: uno domesticado y otro radical. No se lo pongamos fácil y respondamos con la belleza y la dignidad que nos es propia...
... No perdamos esa belleza. Pues esa belleza, nuestro brillo en los ojos, es la fuerza de Podemos, y está por encima de la habilidad y la capacidad de cálculo de cualquiera de nosotros.
No quiero acabar esta carta con un saludo, sino diciéndoos que os quiero.
Firmado: del Lobo feroz vestido de cristiano-roussoniano progresista, a caperucita "roja"
miércoles, 16 de marzo de 2016
Keynes, la liquidez y el tipo de interés (II)
"At times of concern about the future (these might be cyclical or the result of policy ambiguity), there will be a tendency for larger holdings of money; conversely, in stable times, there will be a tendency for larger holdings of bonds."
"[the classical economist] has overlooked the precise nature of the difference which his abstraction makes between theory and practice, and the character of the fallacies into which he is likely to be led. This is particularly the case in his treatment of money and interest. And our first step must be to elucidate more clearly the functions of money. Money, it is well known, serves two principal purposes. By acting as a money of account it facilitates exchanges without its being necessary that it should ever come into the picture as a substantive object. In this respect it is a convenience which is devoid of significance or real influence. In the second place it is a store of wealth . . . . . . The significance of this characteristic of money has usually been overlooked; and in so far as it has been noticed, the essential nature of the phenomenon has been misdescribed. (ibid., pp. 115–16)."
"I have now finished reading Hicks’s book. I don’t think I have ever read a book by an obviously clever man, so free from points open to specific criticisms, which was so utterly empty. I did not, at the end, feel a penny the wiser about anything. He seemed able to decant the most interesting subjects of all their contents, and to produce something so thin and innocuous as to be almost meaningless. Yet, in may ways, it is well written and clear, clever and intelligent, and without mistakes. But about nothing whatever. Simple things are made to appear very difficult and complicated, and the emptiest platitudes paraded as generalisations of vast import. A most queer book. (Moggridge, 1992, p. 553)"
Razonamiento pueril de D Lacalle
Esto, lo que receta Lacalle, se hizo en Suecia, por ejemplo. El Reigsbank subió los tipos antes de tiempo, y luego los tuvo que bajar a zonas negativas, lo que es mucho más difícil de gestionar.
martes, 15 de marzo de 2016
Keynes, el ahorro y la liquidez (I)
"On my view, there is no unique long-period position of equilibrium equally valid regardless of the character of the policy of the monetary authority. On the contrary there are a number of such positions corresponding to different policies. Moreover there is no reason to suppose that positions of long-period equilibrium have an inherent tendency or likelihood to be positions of optimum output. A long-period position of optimum output is a special case corresponding to a special kind of policy on the part of the monetary authority."
"For the community, aggregate saving and investment must be equal. One ‘can’t discover where a point is by having two names for it’. Saving and investment balance at any rate of interest, therefore any analogy with demand and supply analysis doesn’t work. The analogy is like trying to deduce the price from the equality of buyers and sellers . . . The ordinary theory of interest is the one which I was brought up on, and I think I taught it once, a certain number of years ago, but it doesn’t hold one drop of water. It is the idea that the rate of interest is determined by the point of intersection of two supply and demand curves, that of Saving and that of Investment . . . But we have just seen that these curves run parallel, or rather are coincident, because Investment and Saving are merely two names for the same thing. You cannot find were a point lies merely by having two names for it. The curves rise and fall together, not in opposite directions. (Rymes, 1989, pp. 121–2).
"Mr. Harrod seems to me . . . to have succumbed to the charms of the Grand Monetary Tautology, which, long found useful by bankers as a cloak for their misdeeds, is now being rediscovered with alarming frequency by theoretical economists. The bank’s balance-sheet always balances: alias Savings always equal Investment: alias all money which is anywhere must be somewhere. (Robertson, 1934, p. 473)At the end of the short piece, he articulated his main concern that one should not build a theory on this foundation: But the preservation of what I will still venture to call equilibrium between real Saving and Investment is, at the least, one consideration among others . . . But I feel pretty sure that we shall get no way at all if all kinds of progress are to be smothered up together in the blanket of the Grand Tautology! (ibid.)
"Keynes turned his attention from money as a means of exchange to money as a store of value. His analysis led him not only to the theoretical treatment of uncertainty and expectation, but also to practical conclusions of the most profound importance. Ultimately, the theory turned classical analysis on its head."
"Keynes argued that the rate of interest was not a reward for parting with savings but a reward for parting with liquidity ...... Furthermore, it is a decision concerning the stock of savings –wealth –at any point in time rather than any new flow of saving alone. The rate of interest is hence not determined by the supply of and demand for (flows) of saving, but by the supply of and demand for assets into which holdings of (stocks) of wealth can be placed. In the theory of money as a store of value, money is one of these assets."
La extraña legislatura
lunes, 14 de marzo de 2016
Alguien lo pagará. Los musculines del BCE
domingo, 13 de marzo de 2016
Barry Eichengreen, el estancamiento mundial, y el Ordoliberalism español
Barry EichengreenBarry EichengreenBERKELEY – The world economy is visibly sinking, and the policymakers who are supposed to be its stewards are tying themselves in knots. Or so suggest the results of the G-20 summit held in Shanghai at the end of last month.The International Monetary Fund, having just downgraded its forecast for global growth, warned the assembled G-20 attendees that yet another downgrade was pending. Despite this, all that emerged from the meeting was an anodyne statement about pursuing structural reforms and avoiding beggar-thy-neighbor policies.Once again, monetary policy was left – to use the now-familiar phrase – as the only game in town. Central banks have kept interest rates low for the better part of eight years. They have experimented with quantitative easing. In their latest contortion, they have moved real interest rates into negative territory.The motivation is sound: someone needs to do something to keep the world economy afloat, and central banks are the only agents capable of acting. The problem is that monetary policy is approaching exhaustion. It is not clear that interest rates can be depressed much further.Negative rates, moreover, have begun to impair the health of the banking system. Charging banks for the privilege of holding reserves raises their cost of doing business. Because households can resort to safe-deposit boxes, it’s hard for banks to charge depositors for safekeeping their funds.In a weak economy, moreover, banks have little ability to pass on their costs via higher lending rates. In Europe, where experimentation with negative interest rates has gone furthest, bank distress is clearly visible.The solution is straightforward. It is to fix the problem of deficient demand not by attempting to further loosen monetary conditions, but by boosting public spending. Governments should borrow to invest in research, education, and infrastructure. Currently, such investments cost little, given low interest rates. Productive public investment would also enhance the returns on private investment, encouraging firms to undertake additional projects.
Anda que, ¡el del bigotito!
"En su primera intervención como secretario general de UGT, con un lenguaje casposo y anacrónico que evoca el mundo previo a la caída del Muro de Berlín, Álvarez se mostró incapaz de hacer autocrítica hasta el punto de escudarse en una "campaña del capital y de los poderosos para criminalizar el sindicalismo".
"Tras conocer los resultados, Àlvarez ha dicho que el resultado demuestra que "UGT es la primera organización estatal donde la catalanofobia no funciona" y ha instado al Parlamento a ponerse a trabajar para que "se visualice la izquierda parlamentaria" con propuestas para los trabajadores."
sábado, 12 de marzo de 2016
Ensayos dispersos: El "humanitarismo" de Rothbard
"It is a surprise to me that anyone can take Rothbard seriously at all."
"Applying our theory to parents and children, this means that a parent does not have the right to aggress against his children, but also that the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed, clothe, or educate his children, since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights. The parent therefore may not murder or mutilate his child, and the law properly outlaws a parent from doing so. But the parent should have the legal right not to feed the child, i.e., to allow it to die. The law, therefore, may not properly compel the parent to feed a child or to keep it alive. (Again, whether or not a parent has a moral rather than a legally enforceable obligation to keep his child alive is a completely separate question.) This rule allows us to solve such vexing questions as: should a parent have the right to allow a deformed baby to die (e.g. by not feeding it)? The answer is of course yes, following a fortiori from the larger right to allow any baby, whether deformed or not, to die. (Though, as we shall see below, in a libertarian society the existence of a free baby market will bring such ‘neglect’ down to a minimum.) (Rothbard 1998: 100–101)."
Un hijo tiene derechos como persona cuando es lo suficientemente mayor para defenderlos. Tiene el derecho a irse de la propiedad de su padre en la que vivía, si es que puede buscarse la vida por sí mismo. Como hemos visto que el padre natural o de adquisición no tiene la obligación de alimentarlo, por lo mismo podrá explotarlo y hacerle trabajar son más exigencia que traiga el salario a casa.
"Now if a parent may own his child (within the framework of nonaggression and runaway-freedom), then he may also transfer that ownership to someone else. He may give the child out for adoption, or he may sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract. In short, we must face the fact that the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children. Superficially, this sounds monstrous and inhuman. But closer thought will reveal the superior humanism of such a market.” (Rothbard 1998: 103)."
Por supuesto, al ser una propiedad cosificada, la madre tiene el derecho de abortar si no quiere tener el hijo. Antención, feministas-progresistas: os están robando la merienda desde la extrema derecha libertaria.
"In the libertarian society, then, the mother would have the absolute right to her own body and therefore to perform an abortion; and would have the trustee-ownership of her children, an ownership limited only by the illegality of aggressing against their persons and by their absolute right to run away or to leave home at any time. Parents would be able to sell their trustee-rights in children to anyone who wished to buy them at any mutually agreed price.” (Rothbard 1998: 104)."
Lo curioso es que Rothbard defendía que el liberalismo era una derivada de la escuela austriaca que, comoproveniente de el país católico, estaba entroncado, no sé por qué misterioso túnel, con el catolicismo. Yo estoy firmemente convencido que el liberalismo nace del protestantismo, concretamente, de la libertad absoluta de conciencia de Lutero. De todas maneras, las barbaridades que hemos leído en este post no las he visto ni en las más extravagantes escuelas de filosofía, si no es en plan de provocación, como en el caso de Jonathan Swift en "Una modesta proposición para que los hijos dejen de ser una carga para sus padres": comérselos. Curioso: otro de origen católico.
Cómo se financia una guerra
viernes, 11 de marzo de 2016
¿Quién es este tipo? No tiene ni pajolera idea
El crédito se derrumba a partir de las elecciones
El otro concepto de crédito es una parte del anterior, y es el crédito bruto concedido en un periodo sin detraer la amortización. Esta última medida ha crecido con cierto dinamismo a medida que la ecomo mía se recuperaba, pero en los ulrimos meses se ha registrado una fuerte contracción, que no por casualidad coincide con el mes de las elecciones. En el gráfico puede verse esta caída, que pone en sospecha el dinamismo de la economía, dinamismo que parece ser más un movimiento inercial del pasado reciente que otra cosa. Sólo los hogares reciben un flujo de crédito nuevo todavía creciente, a una tasa del 17,5%, aunque muestra una señalada desaceleración. Mientras, el total empresas y el total crédito caen a tasas del -18%.
En el gráfico inferior desmenuzo el crédito nuevo a empresas por su tamaño. sólo las PYMES mantienen una crédito nuevo creciendo aunque moderándose, mientras las grandes empresas ven caer su crécido concedido un 18%.

Mientras que el siguiente, se ve la fuerte resistencia a la baja de los tipos de interes del activo, pese a la constante bajada imprimida por el BCE en los tipos del pasivo y a corto plazo (linea azul).

jueves, 10 de marzo de 2016
Alitas con Ribera del Duero
Es decir, la valoración positiva ha durado minutos. Un verdadero fin flan, si te he visto no me acuerdo. Me pregunto si ha dicho algo euforizante luego enfriado por otra pieza de la oratoria no tan del gusto de los de la ruleta. Quién sabe. Draghi ha bajos los tipos del interbancario al 0%, y lo de los depósitos de las reservas bancarias en el BCE al -0,40% desde el -0,30%. Ha prometido más volumen de QE y además, que el BCE va a comprar bonos corporativos. Y, una auténtica sorpresa positiva, ha anunciado una nueva línea de crédito a los bancos del tipo que tuvieron hace años, denominada TLITRO. Ha dicho que está dispuesto a intentarlo TODO para devolver la tasa de inflación a su objetivo de "cerca pero sin llegar al" 2%.